Palindromic Prime Statistics - The Table
| Palindromic Primes |
| LENGTH |
TOTAL NUMBER
A040025 |
SMALLEST
PALINDROMIC PRIME
A028989 |
LARGEST
PALINDROMIC PRIME
A028990 |
| | |
|
|
| 10001 | + Daniel Heuer | – Jens Kruse Andersen |
1010000 + 222999222*104996 + 1 |
1010001 – 6192916*104997 – 1 |
| 1001 | + Harvey Dubner | + D. Heuer | – J. K. Andersen |
101000 + 81918*10498 + 1 |
101001 – 23332*10498 – 1 |
| 101 | + Daniel Heuer | – Jens Kruse Andersen |
10100 + 303*1049 + 1 |
10101 – 21412*1048 – 1 |
| | |
|
|
| 55 | unknown |
1 + [0]26 + 5 + [0]26 + 1 |
[9]26 + 313 + [9]26 |
| 53 | unknown |
1 + [0]24 + 474 + [0]24 + 1 |
[9]26 + 8 + [9]26 |
| 51 | unknown |
1 + [0]23 + 252 + [0]23 + 1 |
[9]24 + 181 + [9]24 |
| 49 | unknown |
1 + [0]23 + 6 + [0]23 + 1 |
[9]23 + 050 + [9]23 |
| 47 | unknown |
1 + [0]21 + 282 + [0]21 + 1 |
[9]22 + 787 + [9]22 |
| 45 | unknown |
1 + [0]20 + 333 + [0]20 + 1 |
[9]22 + 4 + [9]22 |
| 43 | unknown |
1 + [0]19 + 242 + [0]19 + 1 |
[9]19 + 88288 + [9]19 |
| 41 | unknown |
1 + [0]18 + 161 + [0]18 + 1 |
[9]19 + 686 + [9]19 |
| 39 | unknown |
1 + [0]17 + 737 + [0]17 + 1 |
[9]18 + 878 + [9]18 |
| 37 | unknown |
1 + [0]15 + 10901 + [0]15 + 1 |
[9]17 + 868 + [9]17 |
| 35 | unknown |
1 + [0]16 + 8 + [0]16 + 1 |
[9]16 + 848 + [9]16 |
| 33 | unknown |
1 + [0]15 + 3 + [0]15 + 1 |
[9]15 + 838 + [9]15 |
| 31 | unknown |
1 + [0]13 + 242 + [0]13 + 1 |
[9]14 + 626 + [9]14 |
| 29 | unknown |
1 + [0]13 + 3 + [0]13 + 1 |
[9]14 + 4 + [9]14 |
| 27 | unknown |
1 + [0]12 + 8 + [0]12 + 1 |
[9]13 + 1 + [9]13 |
| 25 | unknown |
1 + [0]10 + 161 + [0]10 + 1 |
[9]11 + 494 + [9]11 |
| 23 |
Announced in Number Theory List
Message
on [ October 4, 2013 ] by
Shyam Sunder Gupta
Type 1...1 = 5027672681
Type 3...3 = 4955286148
Type 7...7 = 4892461690
Type 9...9 = 4867380045
19742800564 |
1 + [0]10 + 3 + [0]10 + 1 |
[9]10 + 757 + [9]10 |
|---|
Enoch Haga wrote [ February 28, 1999 ]
( Read also about his observation at Carlos Rivera's PP&P website Conjecture 14. )
"I'm surprised to see that the successive number of digits in the total of palprimes
from 1-digit to 17-digits seems to increase by approximately a constant multiplier of 10.
E.g. 45 is ~ 10*4 = 40 (45 actual), 465 is ~ 10*45 = 450 (465 actual), and so on [Sloane A039657].
Therefore, it is easy to guess at the approximate number of 19-digit and 21-digit palprimes
(I will not hazard a guess beyond that!). Simply divide the estimated total number of digits by the number of digits; thus 4597688420/19 = ~ 241983600 19-digit palprimes.
The same procedure yields an estimate of ~ 2189370676 21-digit palprimes." |
| 21 |
Announced in Number Theory List
Message 2104
on [ March 13, 2009 ] by
Shyam Sunder Gupta
Type 1...1 = 552358972
Type 3...3 = 540945484
Type 7...7 = 533119350
Type 9...9 = 531667127
2158090933 |
1 + [0]8 + 212 + [0]8 + 1 |
[9]9 + 757 + [9]9 |
|---|
| 19 |
Announced in Number Theory List
Message 1351
on [ February 6, 2006 ] by
Shyam Sunder Gupta
Type 1...1 = 61960057
Type 3...3 = 60731724
Type 7...7 = 58734513
Type 9...9 = 57667571
239093865 |
1 + [0]8 + 8 + [0]8 + 1 |
[9]9 + 2 + [9]9 |
|---|
| 17 |
Found by co-operation from
Martin Eibl
Carlos Rivera
Warut Roonguthai
Type 1...1 = 6891972
Type 3...3 = 6755263
Type 7...7 = 6698063
Type 9...9 = 6699928
27045226 |
1 + [0]7 + 5 + [0]7 + 1 |
[9]8 + 2 + [9]8 |
|---|
| 15 | 3036643 |
100000 323 000001 |
999999 787 999999 |
| 13 | 353701 |
100000 8 000001 |
99999 878 99999 |
| 11 | 42042 |
10000 5 00001 |
99999 1 99999 |
| 9 | 5172 |
1000 3 0001 |
999 727 999 |
| 7 | 668 |
100 3 001 |
99 898 99 |
| 5 | 93 |
10 3 01 |
9 868 9 |
| 3 | 15 |
1 0 1 |
9 2 9 |
| 2 | 1 |
11
The only palindromic prime
with even number of digits ! | 11 |
| 1 | 4
( 5 if 1 is counted as a prime...) |
2
1* | 7 |
Here are the 15 palindromic primes of length 3 :
101 131 151 181 191
313 353 373 383
727 757 787 797
919 929
And here are the 93 palindromic primes of length 5 :
10301 10501 10601 11311 11411 12421 12721 12821 13331 13831 13931 14341 14741
15451 15551 16061 16361 16561 16661 17471 17971 18181 18481 19391 19891 19991
30103 30203 30403 30703 30803 31013 31513 32323 32423 33533 34543 34843
35053 35153 35353 35753 36263 36563 37273 37573 38083 38183 38783 39293
70207 70507 70607 71317 71917 72227 72727 73037 73237 73637 74047 74747
75557 76367 76667 77377 77477 77977 78487 78787 78887 79397 79697 79997
90709 91019 93139 93239 93739 94049 94349 94649 94849 94949
95959 96269 96469 96769 97379 97579 97879 98389 98689
Featured in
Prime Curios! 9372 = 10301 - 929
Enumerating all 668 palindromic primes of length 7 is a task too daunting
so I will confine myself to the subset of the Palindromic Prime "Twin Pairs" of which there are 83 (duo's).
There are three palindromic primes in consecutive rows of three (triples) and one of four (quartet).
Hereunder they are displayed in a darkviolet color.
1092901 - 1093901
1177711 - 1178711
1242421 - 1243421
1280821 - 1281821
1286821 - 1287821
1327231 - 1328231
1362631 - 1363631
1411141 - 1412141
1463641 - 1464641
1489841 - 1490941
1550551 - 1551551
1556551 - 1557551
1579751 - 1580851
1597951 - 1598951
1657561 - 1658561
1684861 - 1685861
1823281 - 1824281
1831381 - 1832381
1878781 - 1879781 - 1880881 - 1881881
1883881 - 1884881
1908091 - 1909091
1951591 - 1952591
1957591 - 1958591
1968691 - 1969691 - 1970791
1981891 - 1982891
1987891 - 1988891
3001003 - 3002003
3064603 - 3065603
3072703 - 3073703
3211123 - 3212123
3222223 - 3223223
3285823 - 3286823
3304033 - 3305033
3364633 - 3365633
3391933 - 3392933
3424243 - 3425243
3443443 - 3444443
3589853 - 3590953 - 3591953
3708073 - 3709073
3716173 - 3717173
3721273 - 3722273
3762673 - 3763673
3768673 - 3769673
3773773 - 3774773
3792973 - 3793973
3863683 - 3864683
3997993 - 3998993
|
7035307 - 7036307
7114117 - 7115117
7155517 - 7156517
7158517 - 7159517
7249427 - 7250527
7256527 - 7257527
7485847 - 7486847
7507057 - 7508057
7518157 - 7519157
7665667 - 7666667
7668667 - 7669667
7782877 - 7783877
7819187 - 7820287 - 7821287
7831387 - 7832387
7867687 - 7868687
7957597 - 7958597
7984897 - 7985897
9042409 - 9043409
9045409 - 9046409
9109019 - 9110119
9127219 - 9128219
9173719 - 9174719
9199919 - 9200029
9222229 - 9223229
9230329 - 9231329
9439349 - 9440449
9492949 - 9493949
9585859 - 9586859
9601069 - 9602069
9732379 - 9733379
9781879 - 9782879
9787879 - 9788879
9817189 - 9818189
9836389 - 9837389
9888889 - 9889889
9907099 - 9908099
9918199 - 9919199
9926299 - 9927299
9931399 - 9932399
9980899 - 9981899
|
“ Every palindrome with an even number of digits is composite - Proof ”
( this proof works in every base )
Except for 11 which is the only existing palindromic prime with an 'even' number of digits.
Every other palindrome with an even number of digits is divisible by 11 and so can't be prime.
For instance 98766789 = 11 x 8978799 !
Have a look at Shareef Bacchus's proof by induction.
On [ August 20, 1997 ] Neo Chee Beng (email) from Singapore mailed me a more elegant proof from the point whereby
Shareef Bacchus showed that an even palindrome is a sum of multiples of 10^(2k+1)+1.
Neo Chee Beng continues by using congruency arithmetic. Here is his alternate proof :
10^(2k+1)+1 = (-1)^(2k+1)+1 (mod 11)
= -1 + 1 (mod 11)
= 0 (mod 11)
which means that 10^(2k+1)+1 is divisible by 11. Indeed, a very short proof !
The quickest way perhaps to show that no palindrome except 11 can be a prime if it has
an even number of digits is described in Martin Gardner book “Puzzles from Other Worlds” :
“... for divisibility by 11 is to add all the digits in even positions, then add all the digits in odd
positions. If and only if the difference between these two sums is 0 or a multiple of 11, the number
will be divisible by 11. When a palindrome has an even number of digits, those in the even positions
will duplicate those in odd positions. The two sums will be the same, and their difference will be zero;
hence the number will be a multiple of 11 and therefore composite (not prime).”
“ Almost all palindromes are composite ”
by William D. Banks, Derrick N. Hart and Mayumi Sakata
Source : https://www.intlpress.com/site/pub/files/_fulltext/journals/mrl/2004/0011/0006/MRL-2004-0011-0006-a010.pdf
Various Sources
Prime Curios! - site maintained by G. L. Honaker Jr. and Chris Caldwell
Here are a few palindrome related entries :
Use the Search our Curios! to find more palindrome related entries.
Contributions
Martin Eibl (email) provided me the total number of palindromic primes of length 11, 13 and 15.
He reached those results using a clever program written in UBASIC.
Three hours before Carlos Rivera, Martin also ended the count for palindromic primes of length 17 on [ June 9, 1998 ].
Carlos Rivera 
from Nuevo León, México
corrected the value of palindromic primes of length 13 from 352701 to 353701.
Carlos and his team finalized the counting of palindromic primes of length 17 on [ June 9, 1998 ].
Unfortunately the results of Martin (27045226) and Carlos (27045217) differ.
Warut Roonguthai (email) from Thailand independently recounted the number of 17-digit palindromes on [ June 16, 1998 ].
that are probable prime to base-2 (2-PRP) by using a selfwritten UBASIC program.
The result of his work is that he strongly supports Martin Eibl's total (same total) !
Carlos rechecked his program... and confirms [ June 25, 1998 ] Mr Eibl's count.
The score is settled now - goto topic
Neo Chee Beng (email) from Singapore embellished the proof that every even palindrome is divisible by 11.
[ February 15 & 17, 2005 ]
Jens Kruse Andersen (email) from Denmark sent in the largest palprimes with 101, 1001 and 10001 digits.
Found and proved with PrimeForm.
" The Prime Pages database says Harvey Dubner found the smallest titanic palprime in 1988:
65702 10^1000+81918*10^498+1 1001 D 1988 Palindrome
http://primes.utm.edu/primes/page.php?id=58841
The submission on this page by Daniel Heuer is of later date and was an independant rediscovery.
The smallest gigantic palprime is not in the database.
There is only this one to be found from 1990:
24804 10^10002+1232321*10^4998+1 10003 D 1990 Palindrome "
I have written an unreleased palprime sieve PalSieve and once sieved to 10^12
before prp'ing (by Harvey Dubner on May 18, 2004):
PalSieve was used to find the largest 101, 1001 and 10001-digit palprime,
exactly the form it was written for. 101 and 1001 digits is trivial.
It sieved to 10^9 for 10001 digits. For comparison, released PrimeForm
versions factor to 2873654 with pfgw -f. Sieving to 10^9 reduces prp'ing by 28%.
If you want to sieve deep for a large palprime with a fixed number of digits
then let me know.
Maybe I will count 19-digit and 21-digit palprimes some day but I have other
projects now.
https://listserv.nodak.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=NMBRTHRY;aef2870a.0405&S=
[ September 25, 2005 ]
Farideh Firoozbakht (email) pointed out a mistake for the smallest palprime of length 21
in the above table for 1_08252_08_1 which should be corrected into 1_08212_08_1.
Thanks Farideh for spotting this error. Much appreciated.
[ February 11, 2006 ]
Shyam Sunder Gupta (email) announced the number of 19-digit palindromic primes (Message 1351).
He used strongpseudoprime test to 18 bases which is more than sufficient for 19-digit numbers.
Also there is not even a single strongpseudoprime(base-2) known which is palindromic
(see Can You Find [CYF 2] ).
Total time spent was about 80 hours on Pentium IV machine 3.0 GHz.
The results have been checked using UBASIC and Fortran. - goto topic
[ March 13, 2009 ]
Shyam Sunder Gupta (email) announced the number of 21-digit palindromic primes (Message 2104).
" I have announced the number of 21 digit palindromic primes, which I have computed recently.
Total 21 digit palindromic primes are 2158090933." - goto topic
[ October 4, 2013 ]
Shyam Sunder Gupta (email) announced the number of 23-digit palindromic primes (Message).
" Here I now announce the number of 23 digit palindromic primes, which I have computed recently.
Total 23 digit palindromic primes are 19742800564 ." - goto topic
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